Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) typically starts in adolescence and is characterized by persistent, distressing obsessions and compulsions that interfere with daily functioning. Obsessions are persistent thoughts, images, or impulses that are often irrational or unrealistic and cause anxiety or distress. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors or mental acts that are performed to reduce the anxiety caused by the obsessions.
Younger children with OCD often have thoughts of harm befalling themselves or their family, while teenagers tend to fear contamination and illness. These fears lead to rituals, such as repeated hand washing, that provide temporary relief but increase anxiety if not performed.
OCD is caused by unusual functioning in the brain's striatum and is often a family problem. Streptococcal bacterial infections can also worsen or create the condition. Most adolescents with OCD can receive effective treatment, including psychotherapy and medications such as fluoxetine, clomipramine, and other serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Exposure and response prevention behavioral therapy is also useful.
Parents should develop good communication skills and provide support for their children with OCD, as untreated OCD can lead to significant distress and difficulty functioning in adulthood. Adolescents with OCD may also have other mental health conditions such as depression, substance abuse, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and eating disorders, which can complicate diagnosis and treatment.
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